Instruments

Displaying 51 - 100 of 152

The Florida Civics End-of-Course (EOC) Assessment is required for all Florida public school students taking the required civics course in the middle grades, mostly commonly in Grade 7. The test assesses students' understanding of the origins and purposes of the U.S. political system and government, responsibilitiies of the U.S. citizen, functions and organization of the government, and contemporary issues in world affairs.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Civics

Grades: 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade

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The Gallup Student Poll is a web-based survey of engagement, hope, belonging, and wellbeing in students ranging from grade 5 through grade 12. The Gallup Student Poll is available to schools and districts in the United States and Canada. 

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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GMRT-4 measures overall reading achievement spanning each important stage along the reading continuum—from oral language to mature reading comprehension. The underlying foundation of GMRT is that it is useful for teachers and schools to know the general level of reading achievement of individual students throughout their entire school careers.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The Geometry Assessments for Secondary Teachers (GAST) Classroom Observation Tool classifies the teaching moves and instructional tasks of teachers according to cognitive demand. It is designed for use specifically within math lessons focused on similarity, congruence, surface area, and volume. It can be used by teacher educators and researchers to identify the quality of math instruction within this domain.

Category: Schooling

Sub-Category: Teaching

Grades: 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The GORT-5 is an individually administered assessment of oral reading sold by Pearson.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The GMADE (Group Mathematics Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation) is a diagnostic mathematics test sold by Pearson that measures individual student skills in the main areas of math. The assesmsent aligns with standards by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and can be used for growth monitoring, strengths and areas for improvement identification, and student placement.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The GRADE (Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation) is a reading assessment for students from grade PreK to adult. For grades PreK-3, the diagnostic test measures reading skills that are consistent with the National Reading Panel and Reading First. The GRADE can be used with an RTI program to identify strengths and weaknesses and to track student growth.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The Healthy Families Parenting Inventory (HFPI) is a self-reporting instrument that measures nine parenting domains: social support, problem-solving, depression, personal care, mobilizing resources, role satisfaction, parent/child interaction, home environment, and parenting efficacy. The instrument, which contains 63 items, is often used for assessing home visitation early childhood programs.

Category: Home and Community

Sub-Category: Parenting

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The HEIghten Civic Comeptency and Engagement Assessment evaluates college students' learning. It particularly analyzes their knowledge of civic practices and institutions, skills in understanding civic-related situations, and attitudes of engagement. The civic competency portion is 30 questions

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Civics

Grades: Post secondary

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The HEIghten Critical Thinking assessment is administered in a single 45-minute testing session. Each test taker answers 26 questions. The item types include critical thinking sets, short arguments or informational passages, and sets that present conditions applicable to a fictional situation.

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: Post secondary

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The HEIghten® Written Communication assessment addresses four dimensions: Knowledge of social and rhetorical situations, knowledge of conceptual strategies, knowledge of language use and conventions, knowledge of the writing process. The HEIghten Written Communication assessment is administered in a single 45-minute testing session. The first section consists of an essay task that requires the test taker to compose an original response which adopts or defends a position on a claim. In the second section, the test taker is presented with two passage-based sets, each of which includes 12 selected-response questions. The Written Communication assessment is part of a larger suite that also measures Civic Competency & Engagement, Critical Thinking, Intercultural Competency & Diversity, and Quantitative Literacy.

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: Post secondary

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The High School Survey of Student Engagement, a self-report measure, is built on a three-pronged framework of student engagement in their learning environment. The 121 items in this the survey consists of both open response and selected response questions.

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The HMH Math Inventory is an assessment that can be used for universal screening and growth monitoring. The adaptive, computer-based test can be taken three to five times per year. The HMH Math Inventory was developed with guidance from the National Math Panel, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, and was developed to align with the Common Core State Standards.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The HMH Reading Inventory, an adaptive test of reading comprehension developed by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH), consists of two subtests: the Foundational Reading Assessment and the Reading Comprehension Assessment.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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This survey is meant to provide a social-emotional portrait of a young person. The data can be reported at an individual, classroom, school, and district level. The survey measures student perceptions of strengths and struggles in order to show where more support is needed.

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS) measures the environmental quality of childcare programs for children up to 30 months old. The instrument was originally developed in 1990 and is now offered in a revised version (Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale-Revised, ITERS-R). The 39 items of ITERS-R focus on the following seven domains: space and furnishings, personal care routines, listening and talking, activities, interaction, program structure, and parents and staff. ITERS-R is suitable for inclusive and culturally diverse settings.

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Child Development

Grades: < 3 Years

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The Instructional Quality Assessment (IQA) is a classroom observation instrument that rates the nature and quality of classroom instruction by considering students’ opportunities to engage in cognitively demanding mathematical work and discussions. The IQA uses the following elements to assess instruction: potential of the task, task implementation, rigor of the discussion, teacher’s questions, and accountable talk.

Category: Schooling

Sub-Category: Teaching

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) is the only international, large-scale study of civic and citizenship education.ICCS investigates the ways in which young people are prepared to undertake their roles as citizens in a world where contexts of democracy and civic participation continue to change. ICCS reports on students’ knowledge and understanding of concepts and issues related to civics and citizenship, as well as their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors with respect to this domain. For country enrollment, those interested are directed to contact IEA Amsterdam Director Dr. Andrea Netten.

ICCS 2022 participants include: Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, Chinese Taipei, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein as benchmarking entities), Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Civics

Grades: 8th Grade, 9th Grade

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The Iowa Assessments replaced the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) and Iowa Test of Educational Development (ITED) in 2011-2012 to align with the Iowa Common Core Standards. The assessment can be administered to students in grades K-12 and can be used for monitoring student growth, making relative comparisons, predicting future performance, and identifying students who may need intervention. The Iowa Assessments measure students' abilities in reading, language, mathematics, social studies, and science.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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Iowa Assessments, Forms E and F from Iowa Testing Programs at the University of Iowa measure student achievement and growth as defined by the Iowa Core. The tests are sold outside of Iowa by Riverside Insights.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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i-Ready is a system that provides assessments to identify strengths and weaknesses of students in grades K-8. i-Ready offers a Diagnostic test that adapts to student responses and measures skills that fall below and above the student's grade level. The Standards Mastery test assesses grade level standards and helps educators measure and monitor growth for each student.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade

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The i-Ready mathematics component of the assessment suite, sold by Curriculum Associates, includes diagnostic, growth monitoring, and standards mastery options.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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ISIP Math is a computer-adaptive test of foundational math skills designed for progress monitoring.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade

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ISIP is a computer administered assessment of reading ability. ISIP Early Reading is inteded for use with children in grades K-3 and can be administered to an entire classroom in a 30 minute time frame. ISIP Advanced Reading is meant to be used with students grades 4-8 and can also be administered to an entire class in a 30 miniute time frame.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade

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The Jackson Personality Inventory-Revised (JPI-R) was designed to assess personality traits to predict an individual’s behavior in a variety of settings and environments, including work, education, teams, and interpersonal situations. The JPI-R contains 300 true/false items and can be used to assess normal adult personality in selection or counseling contexts, conduct research requiring comprehensive coverage of personality dimensions, assist with guidance and career counseling, and develop greater self-awareness and understanding of human behavior and motivation. The JPI-R measures five cluster scores (Analytical, Extroverted, Emotional, Opportunistic, Dependable) and fifteen subscale scores within the five clusters.  

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: 11th Grade, 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The KTEA-3 is an individually adminstered battery sold by Pearson. Within the battery is an assessment developed to be aligned with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics standards and also mapped to the Common Core State Standards.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The KeyMath-3 DA is an individually administered measure of key math concepts and skills. It was developed to be aligned with the National Council of Teacher of Mathematics Principles and Standards for School Mathematics and Focal Points.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The Keys to Interactive Parenting Scale (KIPS) is an observation-based instrument that assesses parent-child interaction during play. The instrument has been rated “A-Reliability and Validity Demonstrated” by California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse and recommended by Parents As Teachers, Healthy Families America, SafeCare, and WAVE Trust & Department for Education, United Kingdom. The observation portion of KIPS, which helps measure 12 key parenting behaviors, can be completed in 15 minutes, while scoring takes approximately 20 minutes.

Category: Home and Community

Sub-Category: Parenting

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The Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) measures college students’ learning and study strategies. It can be used for screening to identify students at risk of poor academic achievement and for diagnostics to examine strengths and weaknesses and provide focused remediation. 

Now in its third edition, LASSI includes 60 items mapping onto ten scales (Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient in parentheses for every scale): Anxiety (.87), Attitude (.76), Concentration (.85), Information Processing (.81), Motivation (.77), Selecting Main Ideas (.86), Self Testing (.80), Test Strategies (.77), Time Management (.80), and Using Academic Resources (.76).

Year developed: LASSI 1st edition: 1987, LASSI 2nd edition: 2002; LASSI 3rd edition: 2016

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: College Readiness

Grades: Post secondary

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The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) is a parent-focused instrument measuring the communicative development of children aged 8-37 months. CDI allows professionals to screen and develop prognoses for language delays by tapping into parents’ knowledge of their children’s language skills, starting from early comprehension to early vocabulary and grammar expansion.

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Child Development

Grades: < 3 Years

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Making Sense of Science (Electric Circuits Assessment) is a written test that measures teachers' pedagogical content knowledge regarding electric circuits. Test items are aligned to the National Science Education Standards Benchmarks, the Full Option Science System curriculum, and the Science and Technology Concepts curriculum. Items reflect the format and content of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) assessments. The measure has been used as a pre- and post-test to assess the effects of professional development programs. There is also a student written assessment with 15 linked items.

Category: Schooling

Sub-Category: Teaching

Grades: 5th Grade

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The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Educators Survey (MBI-ES) is a version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory measuring professional burnout among educators (teachers, staff, and volunteers). It contains 22 items examining emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from “never” to “every day.”

Category: Schooling

Sub-Category: Teaching

Grades: Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (MKT) instrument measures the specialized knowledge of K-8 teachers of mathematics use in teaching. These measures include items that reflect the real mathematics tasks teachers face in classrooms, such as assessing student work, representing numbers and operations, and explaining common mathematical rules or procedures. Assessments composed of these problems can be used to measure the effectiveness of mathematics-focused professional development.

Category: Schooling

Sub-Category: Teaching

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade

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The Mathematical Quality of Instruction (MQI) is a Common Core-aligned observational rubric that provides a framework for analyzing mathematics instruction. Observers rate instruction across five domains: common core-aligned student practices; working with students and mathematics; richness of mathematics; errors and imprecision; and, classroom work. Although originally designed for research use, the MQI can be used as a tool to support teachers' professional development.

Category: Schooling

Sub-Category: Teaching

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The Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument (MTEBI) is a domain-specific modification of the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI). The MTEBI measures pre-service teachers’ beliefs regarding mathematical instruction, students' ability to learn mathematics and teachers’ sense of efficacy in teaching mathematics.

Category: Schooling

Sub-Category: Teaching

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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MAP Reading Fluency is an assessment for students in grades K-5 that tests their reading fluency, comprehension, and foundational skills.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade

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MAP Growth is a comprehensive assessment that focuses on tracking the growth of students in grades K-12 through the school year.  The computer adaptive assessment is aligned with the Common Core State Standards generates a personalized assessment to measure student growth.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: English Language Arts

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA) MAP Growth math assessment is an adaptive benchmark assessment designed to measure academic achievement and growth.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: Kindergarten, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade

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The MTQ-48 assesses total MT and comprises four dimensions: challenge, commitment, confidence (subdivided into two components; interpersonal and own ability) and control (partitioned into two components; emotional and life). The MTQ-18 and MTQ-10 use items drawn directly from the MTQ-48.

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: 11th Grade, 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The Mission Skills Assessment (MSA) is an online assessment that targets 6 noncognitive constructs: creativity, curiosity, ethics, resilience, teamwork, and time management. Each construct is measured by means of a student self-report scale, a student alternative scale (e.g., situational judgment test), and a teacher report scale. Use of the MSA provides schools with the opportunity to examine and monitor development of noncognitive skills in their students from Grade 6 to Grade 8. Three methods of measurement were incorporated into the MSA for each construct: traditional Likert self-report items, Likert teacher-report items, and an alternate type of assessment (e.g., situational judgments).

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade

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The Missouri Higher Education Civics Examination is required for all undergraduates enrolled in a Missouri two-year or four-year college on or after July 1, 2019. It consists of 50 questions and assesses students' knowledge on the U.S. Constitution, U.S. Bill of Rights, governmental institutions, historical manifestations of federalism, and the history of constitutional interpretation and amendments.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Civics

Grades: Post secondary

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The MSCEIT tests the respondent's ability to perceive, use, understand, and regulate emotions. Using every-day life scenarios, the MSCEIT assesses how well an individual can react to and solve emotional problems as well as solve tasks. It was designed for use in corporate, educational, research, and therapeutic settings. Rather than a subjective assessment of one's own emotional intelligence, the MSCEIT uses a performance-based approach. There are many subscores reported in addition to total emotional intelligence (EIQ). These include two area scores for experiential EIQ and strategic EIQ. There are also branch scores of perceiving emotions, managing emotions, using emotions, and understanding emotions. 

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The Multidimensional Self-Concept Sale (MSCS) is an assessment of self concept intended for use with students in grades 5-12. The MSCS is comprised of 6 subscales, (Social, Competence, Affect, Academic, Family, Physical) each containing 25 items, for a total of 150 items within the assessment.

Category: Student Well-Being

Sub-Category: Social-Emotional Competence

Grades: 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade, Post secondary

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The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics assessment is given every two years to students at grades 4 and 8, and approximately every four years at grade 12. The assessment measures both mathematics knowledge and the students’ ability to apply their knowledge in problem-solving situations. The results present a broad view of students’ mathematics knowledge, skills, and performance over time. The most recent mathematics assessment was given in 2019 to approximately 149,500 students in grade 4 and 147,400 students in grade 8. The instruments used in the NAEP mathematics assessment are composed of blocks of cognitive items from the previous NAEP assessments, as well as blocks that are newly developed for the current assessment.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Math

Grades: 4th Grade, 8th Grade, 12th Grade

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NAEP Civics measures civic knowledge and skills related to the responsibilities of citizenship. It is congressionally mandated and administered by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Currently, NAEP Civics is administered only to Grade 8 students. In the past, the assessment was also administered to Grade 4 and Grade 12 students.

Category: Academic Knowledge and Skills

Sub-Category: Civics

Grades: 8th Grade

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The Parent Education Profile (PEP) is a 75-item observation instrument that measures 15 subdomains. The instrument, which is designed for children from birth to 8 years old, measures parents' behavior related to children's literacy skills. The PEP is available in both English and Spanish.

Category: Home and Community

Sub-Category: Parenting

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The Parent Reading Belief Inventory (PRBI) is a self-reporting instrument that assess parents' beliefs about the frequency, quality, and importance of their child's literacy activities. The 42-item instrument provides seven subscales: positive affect, verbal participation, resources, teaching efficacy, knowledge base, environmental input, and reading instruction.

Category: Home and Community

Sub-Category: Parenting

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The Parent Success Indicator (PSI) is a self-reporting instrument that assess parental behavior, specifically related to communication, use of time, teaching, frustration, satisfaction, and information needs. The PSI is designed for parents with children 10-14 years of age and offers a child survey as well. English and Spanish versions of the instrument are available.

Category: Home and Community

Sub-Category: Parenting

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The Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) is an instrument for parents to assess their relationship with their children. The instrument, which contains 78 items, has been standardized on over 1,100 parents in the United States. The PCRI can be completed in 15 to 20 minutes.

Category: Home and Community

Sub-Category: Parenting

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The Parent-Infant Relational Assessment Tool (PIRAT) is an observation instrument that rates parent-child interactions for children ages birth to 2 years. The PIRAT measures optimal parental behavior and can be used as a risk assessment by health professionals. The instrument was developed as part of the Parent-Infant Project at the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families.

Category: Home and Community

Sub-Category: Parenting

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